Cloning Essays (3110 words) - Cloning, Molecular Biology, Genetics

Cloning Shortly after the announcement that British scientists had successfully cloned a sheep, Dolly, cloning humans has recently become a possibility that seems much more feasible in today's society. The word clone has been applied to cells as well as to organisms, so that a group of cells stemming from a single cell is also called a clone. Usually the members of a clone are identical in their inherited characteristics that is, in their genes except for any differences caused by mutation. Identical twins, for example, who originate by the division of a single fertilized egg, are members of a clone; whereas nonidentical twins, who derive from two separate fertilized eggs, are not clones. (Microsoft? Encarta? 97 Encyclopedia). There are two known ways that we can clone humans. The first way involves splitting an embryo into several halves and creating many new individuals from that embryo. The second method of cloning a human involves taking cells from an already existing human being and clo ning them, in turn creating other individuals that are identical to that particular person. With these two methods at our desposal, we must ask ourselves two very important questions: Should we do this, and Can we? There is no doubt that many problems involving the technological and ethical sides of this issue will arise and will be virtually impossible to avoid, but the overall idea of cloning humans is one that we should accept as a possible reality for the future. Cloning humans is an idea that has always been thought of as something that could be found in science fiction novels, but never as a concept that society could actually experience. Today's technological speed has brought us to the piont to where almost anything is possible. Sarah B. Tegen, '97 MIT Biology Undergraduate President states, I think the cloning of an entire mammal has shown me exactly how fast biology is moving ahead, I had no idea we were so close to this kind of accomplishment. Based on the current science , though, most of these dreams and fears are premature, say some MIT biologists. Many biologist claim that true human cloning is something still far in the future. This raises ethical questions now as towhether or not human cloning should even be attempted. (http://www.usnews.com/usnews/issue/). There are many problems with cloning humans. One method of human cloning is splitting embryos. The main issue as to whether or not human cloning is possible through the splitting of embryos began in 1993 when experimentation was done at George Washington University Medical Center in Washington D.C. There Dr. Jerry Hall experimented with the possibility of human cloning and began this moral and ethical debate. There it was concluded that cloning is not something that can be done as of now, but it is quite a possibility for the future. These scientists experimented eagerly in aims of learning how to clone humans. Ruth Macklin of U.S. News & World Report writes, Hall and other scientists split single humans embryos into identical copies, a technology that opens a Pandora's box of ethical questions and has sparked a storm of controversy around the world (http://www.usnews.com/usnews/issue/). They attempted to create seventeen human embryos in a laboratory dish and when it had grown enoug h, separated them into forty-eight individual cells. Two of the separated cells survived for a few days in the lab developed into new human embryos smaller than the head of a pin and consisting of thirty-two cells each. (http://www.usnews.com/usnews/issue/) Although we cannot clone a human yet, this experiment occurred almost two years ago and triggered almost an ethical emergency. Evidence from these experiments received strange reactions from the public. Ruth Macklin states, Cloning is a radical challenge to the most fundamental laws of biology, so it's not unreasonable to be concerned that it might threaten human society and dignity. Yet much of the ethical opposition seems also to grow out of an unthinking disgust--a sort of yuk factor. And that makes it hard for even trained scientists and ethicists to see the matter clearly. While human cloning might not offer great benefits to humanity, no one has yet made a persuasive case that it would do any real harm, either. (http://www.usnews.com/usnews/issue/). Theologians contend that to

or 11b. Essays

Government and Explain /or 11b. Essays Government and Explain /or 11b. Essay Government and Explain /or 11b. Essay Essay Topic: The Wild Duck Time allowed : 3 hours SS2-080 90 Maximum Marks : 90 (i) (ii) (iii) 1 11 10 31 1 3 80 22 (iv) 23 30 5 120 (v) 31 4 General Instructions : (i) (ii) The question paper has 31 questions in all. All questions are compulsory. Questions from serial number 1 to 10 are Multiple Choice Questions. Each question carries 1 mark. (iii) Questions from serial number 11 to 22 are 3 marks questions. Answer of these questions should not exceed 80 words each. (iv) Questions from serial number 23 to 30 are 5 marks questions.Answer of these questions should not exceed 120 words each. (v) Question number 31 is a map question of 4 marks from Geography only. After completion, attach the map inside your answer book. Page 2 of 9 1A. (a) (c) (b) (d) 1 Which of the following is not an economic exchange ? (a) Flow of trade (b) Flow of capital (c) Flow of knowledge (d) Flow of labour /OR 1B. (a) (c) (b) (d) 1 Who among the following setup the first jute mill in Kolkata ? (a) J. N. Tata (b) Seth Hukum Chand (c) Dwaraknath Tagore (d) Dinshaw petit /OR 1C. (a) (c) (b) (d) 1Who wrote ‘The Bitter Cry of Outcast London’ ? (a) Andrew Mearns (b) Charles Dickens (c) Sameul Richardson (d) Henry Mayhew 2A. (a) (c) (b) (d) 1 Which of the following newspapers was started by Bal Gangadhar Tilak ? (a) Kesari (b) Jansattu (c) Statesman (d) Amirta Bazaar Patrika /OR 2B. (a) (c) (b) (d) 1 Which of the following novels of Premchand deals mainly with the poor condition of women in society ? (a) Sewasadan (b) Godan (c) Rangbhoomi (d) None of the above 3. (a) (c) (b) (d) 1 Which one of the following is NOT on the verge of extinction ? a) Asiatic Cheetah (b) Deer (c) Pink headed duck (d) Mountain Quill Page 3 of 9 4. (a) (c) (b) (d) 1 Which one of the following crops is grown during the said season ? (a) groundnut (b) muskmelon (c) soyabean (d) mustard 5. (a) (c) (b) (d) 1 Apart from the central and the state Governments, which is the third type of government practised in Belg ium ? (a) Local government (b) Municipal government (c) Community government (d) Ethnic government 6. (a) 30% (b) 27% (c) 50% (d) 33% What is the percentage of seats Reserved for women in the Local bodies ? (a) 30% (b) 27% (c) 50% (d) 33% 7. a) (b) (c) (d) Which one of the following countries has the lowest participation of women in public life ? (a) USA (b) Bangladesh (c) Saudi Arab (d) India 8. (a) (c) What is the full form of HDI ? (a) Human Derived Industries (b) Human Development Index (c) Highly Developed Industries (d) Human Development Income 9. (a) (b) (c) (d) What can be the developmental goal of landless rural labourer ? (a) Freedom to decide what he is able to (b) More days of work and better wages (c) Less days of work (d) Good climatic conditions Page 4 of 9 1 (HDI) (b) (d) 1 1 1 10. a) (b) (c) (d) Which of the following is true about the private sector ? (a) Governments owns most of the assets (b) Individuals or companies own most of the assets (c) Services are provid ed by the government (d) The main purpose is not to earn profit but public service. 11A. How were the silk routes a good example of vibrant pre – modern trade and cultural links ? Explain /OR 11B. 18 How did a series of inventions in the 18th century increase the efficiency of each step of production process in the cotton textile industry ? /OR 11C. When was the Rent Act passed in Bombay ?What was its aim ? What was the impact ? 12A. Give any three reasons favouring shift from hand printing to mechanical printing in China. /OR 12B. Explain any three main contributions of novel to modern society. 13. How can we solve the problem of land degradation ? Suggest any three measures. 14. How have communities conserved and protected forests and wildlife in India ? Explain. 15. Explain any three reasons for the multipurpose projects and large dams coming under great scrutiny and opposition. 1 3 3 1+1+1=3 31=3 31=3 31=3 3 31=3 Page 5 of 9 16.Describe the working of the Roof Top Rainwat er Harvesting being parctised in India. 17. What is the principle that is being followed by the government in Sri Lanka ? Describe. 18. Mention any three factors that determine the outcome of politics of social divisions. 19. Distinguish between overlapping and cross cutting of social differences. 20. Explain the main criterion used by World Bank in classifying different countries? 21. Why is the tertiary sector gaining importance in India ? Explain any three reasons. 22. What is meant by disguised unemployment ? Give one example from rural and other from urban areas . 3A. Define the term trade surplus. How was the income received from trade surplus with India used by Britain ? /OR 3 3 31=3 3 3 3 1+2=3 1+4=5 23B. ‘The First World War created dramatically a new situation for Indian Industries’. Analyse how this change took place. /OR 23C. Why did the population of London city expand over the 19th century ? Explain. 5 5 Page 6 of 9 24A. How did the Indians manage before t he age of print ? When and how did the printing technique begin in India ? /OR 24B. 2+3=5 5 ‘With Prem Chand’s writings, Hindi novel achieved excellence. ’ Do you agree with this statement ?Give reasons to support your answer. 25A. What was the impact of printed books on women in India in the 19th century ? Explain. /OR 51=5 25B. 5 How did the colonial administrators find vernacular novels as a valuable source of information to native life and customs ? Explain with examples. 26. Name the two most important staple food crops of India. Name the states where they are produced. Write the geographical conditions required for their growth. 27. Describe the three – fold distribution of legislative powers between the Union Government and state Governments of India. 8. Describe the Constitutional Provisions which make India a secular state . 29. Give examples to prove that there are other important developmental goals than income. 30. Suggest any five ways to prov ide more employment opportunities in rural areas. 31. (i) A B 2+2=4 51=5 51=5 5 5 1+2+2=5 (A) (B) Page 7 of 9 (ii) (C) (D) (i) Two features A and B are shown in the given political outline map of India. Identify these features with the help of following information and write their correct names on the lines marked on the map. A) A soil type (B) A type of forests On the same political outline map of India, locate and label the following items with appropriate symbols : (C) Tungabhadra Dam (D) A major Bajra producing state 31 (31. 1) (31. 2) (31. 3) (31. 4) Note : in (31. 1) (31. 2) (31. 3) (31. 4) The following questions are for the visually impaired candidates only lieu of Q. No. 31. Name the state where black soil is found. Which type of forest are found in Jammu and Kashmir ? Name the river on which Tungabhadra Dam is built. Name the leading state producer of sugar cane. 41=1 (ii) Page 8 of 9 -o0o- Page 9 of 9

Sampling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sampling - Essay Example This is true in for example agricultural research organizations that test on the pesticides, herbicides and plants the farmers and consumers need. Since they cannot go round asking each and every stakeholder, the manager sends the team to sample a few of those for the market research (Hillger 2006). The other importance is that sampling cuts costs of organization especially that spend on market research. The cost reduction is in terms of sampling researchers and also sampling the participants. This is cost effective compared to employing the whole team of researchers which is expensive and time consuming. This is used by motor vehicle manufacturing companies in many parts of the world like Germany, America and Japan. This sampling decision is approved by middle-level and top-level managers of such companies (Danford 2009). Managers are tasked with staffing. This entails short listing candidates for interviews and hiring a few of those shortlisted. This process requires employment of sampling procedures. This is because when a job position is advertised, many qualified and some unqualified individuals apply and it is the work of human resource managers in collaboration with other managers to short list them based on the qualifications and this is mostly done through systematic or even random sampling (Caruth et al. 2009). One of the skills of the manager is to build power bases (Evans et al. 2007). This means that the manager will have to decentralize power and activities in the organization for effectiveness and achievement of organization’s goals and objectives. This power distribution can be done through cluster or stratified sampling. This means that the manager will divide the organization into different departments and have supervisors or line managers control it. This is common in banks which have decentralized the power of

Air Legislation - the Shell Model in Analyzing Human Factors in the Assignment

Air Legislation - the Shell Model in Analyzing Human Factors in the Aviation System - Assignment Example The model is derived from the initial letters of its components which are: software, hardware, environment and liveware. It places great emphasis on the human element and the role they play in the execution of duties and the interaction with other interfaces. Since the human being is mainly the cause of most accidents within the aviation system, the model looks at several factors that interact with the operators to cause system failure and affect performance (Cacciabue, 2004). The major elements in the model relate to hardware, software, the environment and liveware. There are four forms of interfaces. The L-H interface is the interaction between the human operator and the machines in the aviation system. It relates to the match of human characteristics with the equipment and tools such as designing controls to correspond to sensory or designing seats to match the human bodies of passengers. The design of displays and controls should indicate proper information that can be easily understood by people so as to reduce the occurrence of errors. Secondly is the L-S interface whose main role is to provide a link between the liveware and the software. It involves the formulation of software that matches the human users and ensuring that it is possible to implement it. Thirdly is the L-E interface which forms the link between the liveware and the environment. Human operators interact with both internal and external environment and therefore are able to adapt to v arious situations. Lastly is the L-L interface which relates to links between the central human operator and any other person in the system for execution of activities (HELMREICH, 1991). The aircraft in this incident was on route to Lanzarote airport in the Canary Islands from East Midlands the plane which had been subjected to Boroscope Inspections the previous night had not been refitted which resulted to loss of almost all the oil on the flight and the consequential shutdown of both  engines during landing.   The crew had to divert to Luton airport due to loss of oil and oil pressure on both engines.  

Cause of Extinction - Global Warming Research Paper

Cause of Extinction - Global Warming - Research Paper Example Many of the species have become extinct so far. These include animals as well as plants. There are various reasons for extinction. The word extinction is used to describe a situation when the last living member of any species dies. This is a kind of situation where there is no other member of that lives in the planet. In other sense the particular species becomes obsolete. This is the situation where the concerned species is called â€Å"extinct†. Functional extinction of a species happens when only few members of that species survive but they are completely unable to reproduce due to many biotic reasons, such as age, poor health etc. There are various reasons behind extinction of any species. Most of those reasons are natural reasons, which are beyond any human control. But many of those reasons include direct or indirect human intervention into the natural system. The extinction of Dinosaur was entirely due to the natural reasons. Many of the big species became extinction du e to unexpected natural phenomena. All of those phenomena were beyond human control. Recently most of the species are getting extinct also because of the natural reasons, but those phenomena have direct or indirect human intervention into the society. ... Again these species are becoming extinct because of some other factors also. Human beings are getting much more conscious about their current direct consumption of natural resource. To accomplish this, they are degrading the nature in a way that is creating threats to those species. This phenomenon is also directly or indirectly affecting the ecology of the planet the earth. And those are again directly or indirectly affecting the lives of those species and also the lives of humans (Sodhi, Bradshaw, & Brook, 514). But among all these reasons global warming is a key factor causing the extinction of different species around the whole world. Global Warming and Extinction: Global Warming or the problem of global climate change is the most important reasons for extinction of many of the known species around the whole world. These two reasons are basically interrelated. A recent study suggests that by 2050 almost 37% of well-known plants and animal species will be extinct (Climate Change H eadlines from 2000 to 2009). The human-intervened global warming has caused the first known mammal in 2008. In some of the parts of the world, such as northern Queensland, many of the species cannot survive because the temperature has gone up to 30  Ã‚ °C (Climate Change Headlines from 2000 to 2009). This kind of scenario is also the same in the northern regions and in other southern regions of the world. One of the most fascinating studies reveals that before 2100 there will be complete human extinction. And again the reason is global warming and the world climate change. In that time, the temperature of the world will be 29  °F or 16  °C and in the atmosphere the carbon dioxide levels will reach to a

The struggle against Mexicos drug cartels

The struggle against Mexicos drug cartels A vacation to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico followed the New Year of 2009. I had spent time with locals, purchased their handcrafted souvenirs, and visited monumental tourist attractions. My travel led me to believe that Mexico is a country of warm weather and beautiful sightseeing; at the time of my vacation I had been ignorant to the reality of Mexicos stance on the global spectrum of corruption. Unbeknownst 783 miles northwest to Tijuana from Cabo, numerous drug cartels were organizing the importation of narcotics from the South and exported to countries North of Mexico. Tijuana is a city controlled by organized crime and more specifically, infiltrated by The Tijuana Cartel (Witkin and Robinson 1997:38). The Tijuana Cartel is responsible for the transportation, importation, and distribution of massive quantities of cocaine and marijuana, as well as large quantities of heroin and methamphetamine (Guzman 1993:40). Yet, the issue of Mexicos drug trade is not specific to the notorious city, there are over seven cartels that clandestinely function throughout the state. The power of drug cartels have proven to be well connected, trained, armed, and manipulative toward the masses. Mass drug trafficking in Mexico is threatening to turn itself into a Narco state, notably, a Narco state is considered to be an area that has been taken over and is controlled and corrupted by drug cartels (ibid). The rising count of gruesome drug-related murders seems as though the government is being passively effective. This is where the supremacy of drug lords that lead the drug cartels serve as highly influential bodies; whom can often overthrow the power of authorities and government officials through bribery. This is evident over the last three decades when the Mexican Drug War originally commenced. However, the Drug War was re-initiated between the government and drug cartels when Felipe Calderon took presidency in 2006 (Campos 2010). The nation of Mexico is facing a difficult state of affairs to meet drug trade demands that has dishonored the justice system. Countless lives have been taken since the commencement of the Mexican Drug War on either side of its borders and will only continue to overthrow the power of the government officials. This essay will analyze how the Mexican drug trade has infiltrated northern borders to the United States and Canada-while domestically placing vulnerable civilians at risk of sex trafficking in an impoverished state, resulting in violence. The drug trade is a global black market, where the insufficiency of borders has proven to be the prime target of drug transportation. According to the Toronto Star (2009), Tijuana is home to the worlds busiest border crossing with about 300,000 people crossing the border everyday. These perimeters separate two distinct worlds divided by a militarized border in the North and a more advantageous smuggle from the South, however the movement of people and narcotics illicitly make their way past northern border patrol. The North American Free Trade agreement addresses concerns regarding insufficient borders where there is an unrestricted movement of people, goods and services between Mexico, the United States and Canada (Cottam and Otwin 2005). The inadequacy of border security, has led to the expansion of Mexican drug cartels and their control over the drug supply chain surpassing the United States to Canada. This is where the transportation, importation, and distribution of massive quan tities of cocaine, 3 marijuana, as well as large quantities of heroin and methamphetamine have primarily washed up on Canadas West coast (Falco 1999:8). Furthermore, the growth of Mexicos drug cartels is a question of security, where the illegal importation of illicit drugs into fast, developing westernized nations will only lead to unsafe corruption. This mass production of drugs infiltrated by Mexico into the United States and Canada is a detriment to the globalization efforts set out by capitalist nations. These northern nations have made initiatives to expand the integration of countries in the global network of communication, transportation and trade. However, the global networking strategies of these bordering nations have negotiated an illegal trade that has created a steady flow of trafficked narcotics. The trafficking of drugs is highly motivated by the demands that exist in consumer countries such as the United States and Canadas West Coast of British Colombia. In 2001, Mexico was the point of transit where 55 percent of cocaine entered the United States (Chabat 2002:142). Illicit drugs cultivated in drug trade are majorly supplied by strong Colombian drug trafficking ties and become Canada and US-bound through Mexico. The narcotics used to fuel the Mexican Drug War are primary extracted from countries in South America, specifically Colombia. This is where the primary trafficked narcotic includes cocaine, in exchange for the steady drug flow heading north from South America guns, cash and prostitutes serve as collateral (Bagely 1988:72). However, the United States has created a campaign of prohibition and foreign military aid to reduce the illegal drug trade, this campaign is called the War on Drugs. The approaches of The War on Drugs have undertaken tasks such as The Merida Initiative. This initiative is a security cooperation 4 between the United States and the government of Mexico and the countries of Central America with the aim of combating the threats of drug trafficking and transnational crime (Cottam and Marenin 2005:32). Such strategies are aimed to also eliminate illegal immigrants into Canada and the United States as means to transport and distribute drugs. Other contributions to The War on Drugs involve the U.S Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), identifying the need to increase financial and migration investigations relating to the movement of illegal drugs to Mexico. The DEA states that attacking the financial infrastructure of drug cartels has to play a key role in any viable drug enforcement strategy (Toro 1999: 633). The effects of contraband being imported past the Northern borders serves for inadequacy of borders as well as harm toward their political and economical statuses. Restricted substances that enter northern borders are consequential toward the political stance of the laws, rules and regulations set forth by government officials. The enigmatic transportation of these illegal narcotics is especially subversive and become difficult for officials to track en route. The money laundering exchange from Mexico into the United States and Canada annually generates millions of dollars as a significant contributor to their economies. In the United States, wholesale illicit drug sale earnings estimates range from $13.6 to $48.4 billion annually (ibid). The longstanding issue of poverty in many areas of Mexico is also a contributing factor involving the illegal drug trade. Kellner and Piptones article Inside Mexicos Drug war (2010:32) states that due to high levels of poverty within the Mexican nation 5 and easy access across the northern borders, individuals with minimal opportunities and are economically unstable, resort to drug exchange. Poverty provides minimal opportunities for those in need of providing for their families, and as a result of Mexicos escalating rates of poverty, people often look for the fastest alternative, often resorting to money laundering of illegal drugs. The participation of Mexican civilians in the drug war often proposes the sacrifices of their lives as well as leaving their families behind. The willingness of many residences to partake in the drug trade is also contributing to Mexicos generation of fraudulent currency, where according to Chabat (2002: 137) as of 2009, sat between $6-$15 billion annually representing 3 percent of Mexicos Gross Domestic Product (GDP). As the growth of these numbers amplifies due to organized drug crime, the public continues to pursue the implementation of justice and change by government officials. Within Mexicos impoverished state, the vulnerability of Mexican women and children are at risk with the pursuit of innocence set forth by drug lords. The involvement of women in drug trafficking in recent years has expanded dramatically. Campbell (2008:251) explains that women within Mexican society that are often associated with the drug cartels are typically led to incarceration at various ages; this also leads to high extortion, torture and rape. Sex trafficking has become more common as a part of the drug war where most often women and girls are pimped by leaders of drug cartels and sent to brothels throughout Mexico (Castillo, Gomez and Delgado 1999: 394). The demands within the brothels instill fear within these trafficked women, without compliance they jeopardize seeing their families again or even their lives. Specifically in 6 Tijuana, Mexico where the infiltration of black market drugs originates within Central America, women are used as drug smugglers and prostitutes to generate another source of monetary income. Moreover, Rojas (2008:1082) argues that children have also become prime targets involving the illegal exchange of drugs. Drug lords often seek them out as a symbol of inexperience and uncontroversial tactic when crossing borders, much of the time they too have been induced by drugs to obey drug lord commands. Many children involved in the drug trade are without any family due to the violent nature of the trade or come from families below the poverty line. In 2009 alone, 10,000 children were orphaned due to the Mexican Drug War (ibid). With initiatives to keep the adolescents off of the streets, President Felipe Calderà ³n recently opened 75 new universities and 330 drug rehabilitation centers to curb the impoverishment and gang violence (Corchado 2009: 21). The violent nature of the Mexican Drug War has led to high rates of drug violence within Mexico. This is further examined by Newman (2009:23), in which he explains that the drug cartels imported and exported out of Tijuana make their way toward the U.S border city of Ciudad Juà ¡rez, which now has the distinction of being the most violent in Mexico. Due to organized crime, border violence includes 90% of drug related killings (ibid). The competition of cartels trying to out due each other in savagery is discussed in Hoars article Mexican violence, Gun Controls (2009:42) where bodies are mutilated, and heads are tossed on busy streets. 7 The struggle for human rights and progression away from drug violence is an unpredictable issue; the direction in which it is headed is at a high rate of inconsistency. Violent acts of decapitation, torture and rape are common tactics amongst drug lords. Drug lords have become so powerful that some of their leaders, even when in prison, can continue their operations from the inside. Anderson (2007:18) explains that a drug kingpin can order the murder of rival cartel members on the street, along with others perceived as standing in the way of their lucrative enterprises. Those killed have included officials, judges and journalists whose writings offended the cartels (ibid). As a terror tactic, beheadings have become a favored form of execution. The power of organized crime such as drug cartels, easily preside over the violence. According to Campos (2010: 402), more than 34,000 people have died in drug-related violence during the four years that President Felipe Calderon has been in po wer and within the last year there were 15, 273 deaths. Many civilians are too often paying the price of Mexicos drug war with their liberty and livelihood at the hands of drug cartel hit men. High rates of violence are a result of suppressed human rights with many implications facing Mexican authorities and residences. Communities often too cannot trust those in a position of power such as police, this is due to the corruption within the police force. Corruption within Mexican law enforcement institutions is a relentless struggle of organized crime growing and spreading to new territories. More specifically, numerous drug cartels propose bribes to officers for their co-operation in return. The co-operation of these officers under cartel 8 command often include violent acts against civilians as well as tourists and government officials, ultimately creating an elite group of hit men (Bailey and Paras 2006: 78). Officers enticed by this lucrative organization are often regularly paid poorly and would rather succumb to the influence of Mexicos deep-pocketed drug traffickers and gangs. This law enforcement dishonesty is becoming a significant challenge confronting democratic governability and defeating the purpose of ending the Mexican Drug War. Although violence between drug cartels had been occurring for at least three decades, the Mexican government had held a generally passive stance regarding cartel violence. Now, President Felipe Calderà ³n has continued to escalate his anti-drug campaign, there are now about 45,000 troops involved along with state and federal police forces. (Felson 2009:7) In conclusion, the Mexican drug trade is a ruthless battlefield in which many aspects reflect the hardships and corruption within Mexican society, and its effects on its neighboring countries. The efforts set out by President Felipe Calderon to end the drug war in Mexico is seeing inadequate results, inevitably progressing toward a Narco state status. Presently, the development of Mexico is at risk with plummeting death tolls of civilians, corruption of law enforcement and drug money stabilizing the countrys GDP. The Mexican Drug War is often presented publicly as a government issue that will evaporate overtime with the right prime leadership. However, the cause of the battle on drugs in the southern-most part of North America is much more than the governments 9 burden. The powers of drug cartels seem to be unstoppable and over taking the Mexicos livelihood all together and are now nothing short of entrenched in supremacy. The infiltration of northern borders to the United States and Canada by the Mexican drug trade has domestically placed vulnerable civilians at risk of sex trafficking in an impoverished state, resulting in violence. 10

Biological Anthropology

Gonzalez, AureaMarch 6, 2013Question #1 For many years biological anthropologists have been trying to identify race through genetics but race is not determined biologically. The closest aspect to a biological feature in grouping people is cline; geography making people of the same area in the world similar. Human variation, however, is classification of skin color, eye color; characteristics that are genetic and unchanging genes. Genetic traits have nothing to do with race; it influences the idea of it. Mutations cause variation. An example of this would be with how sunlight affects skin tone because of dark and light melanin.Race cannot be naturally divided into groups because it is an arbitrary, modern idea; a social construct based on ethnicity, social reform, and culture, otherwise known as The Great Chain of Being. Constant change in the world, such as migration and reproduction, brings diversity upon us. Jim Brown, in The Power of Illusion, specifically says, â€Å"Race has ch anged as a definition in this country. † The world is always changing; people will continuously try to identify race through genetics, but it never will be proven biologically because it’s merely a cultural classification.Also, in the film, a group of students try to find out who they might be closely related to, based on mitochondrial DNA. A black girl believes she is more closely related to another black boy in the class. When they matched the MTDNA, they found out they were wrong. Some had the same number and pattern of MTDNA that others across the country had. This proved race had nothing to do with genetics. Scientists have tried to see differences in athletic ability according to race. However, there is no biological explanation for why someone of one race might be more athletic than someone of another.If a white person ran in the mountains with high altitude, he would have greater lung capacity than someone who ran an average racetrack. Nutrition and adaptation a ffect genetics, bringing about variety of human beings. If a black person grew up with great nutrition, he was likely to be taller and healthier than someone who might not have access to nutrition. Therefore, race cannot determine specific differences between one another because access to food affects variation. It’s important to remember the difference between race and human variation because everyone should be treated equal.Although there is internal variation within the human species, that doesn’t define race, yet human variation. [400 words] Gonzalez, AureaMarch 6, 2013Question #2 The origin of walking on two feet goes back between 10-3 MYA. There are numerous ways to diagnose bipedalism with skeletal remains. The foramen magnum is where the spinal cord meets the skull and passes on to the brain. It is able to determine whether or not a skeleton was bipedal because if the spinal cord is located directly beneath the skull, rather than its back, such as the chimpanze e, it is proven to have walked on two legs.Also, you can infer that the skeleton was bipedal because thoracic kyphosis, the slight backward curve of the vertebrae to which the ribs attach, do not develop until one begins to walk upright. Lumbar lordosis, the forward curve of the lower portion of the back, is more robust in females than in males for ability to balance to support a baby during pregnancy. Angle of the femur is another way to prove bipedalism. If the angle is increasingly wide, the skeleton was bipedal because it allows more balance with the broaden hips, versus a chimp with a straighter angle of a femur, causing the wobble when walking on two feet.Increase in leg length is another way to prove bipedalism. Apes had longer arms than legs, proving knuckle-walking, and spending more time swinging in trees walking on the ground. The fossil Lucy was the first bipedal skeleton found in Kenya which dates back to 3. 6 MYA. She’s considered the first bipedal skeleton beca use hips down, she had the body of a human, however hip up, using her brain size, she was considered ape. Salem, aka Lucy’s baby, had a preserved skull, milk teeth, tiny fingers, a torso, a foot, and an extremely tiny kneecap which helped archeologists say she was about three years old when she died.Salem differed from Lucy, having a face, while Lucy’s head was barely found, and had ape-like shoulders, telling us tree climbing was still a part of its nature, supporting the theory of A. afarensis. Bipedalism was a positive adaptation in human evolution because of survival. Keeping cool from changing landscapes and climates was an important factor in endurance running. With the shedding of hair on our bodies from evolution, sweating was our new found air conditioner, allowing the human species to run in the day and keep cool at the same time, making it easier to hunt protein, meat, the greatest source of nutrition. 400 words] Gonzalez, AureaMarch 6, 2013Question #3 Sever al methods were used for the excavation of the African Burial Ground in 1991. After using large machinery and shovels to get through the first few feet of dirt, dental tools and brushes were used to find the remains of skeletons carefully. Soil marks in the dirt from decayed wood where a coffin once was were visible to determine where to locate the heads and bodies of the skeletons. Photos were taken to preserve the history before excavating, for excavation is destructive, destroying information due to damaged remains.Archeologists were able to infer a lot about some of the bodies found such as age, sex, and culture. Two thirds of the adults were identified male, one third being female, and forty-five percent of the excavated bodies, children under twelve years old. Sex was able to be determined through pelvis shape. The wider the angle of the pelvis, it was determined to be female, the thinner the angle, it was male. Another way to identify sex with the pelvis is the pubic archâ₠¬â„¢s shape. If the arch seems like a circle, it is female, if it seems heart-shaped, it is male.Teeth give indication of age, but aging can also be caused by environmental stress. Teeth also played a cultural aspect in these people’s lives. Shape of the teeth told archeologists whether or not they were born in Africa or kept practicing their culture while they were alive. Filing of the teeth into hourglass and peg shapes showed tribal affiliations in West Africa. Thus, historical data and these observations tell us the bodies were indeed African. Dr. Blake, in African Burial Ground, An American Discovery, suggests a man in his thirties had the vertebrate of an eighty year old man.Vertebral Lipping can be caused by standing all day, adding pressure to your spine, but carrying heavy loads can crush your spine at a quicker age. This showed us that this man was very hard working. Also, some bodies were buried with shroud, which indicated that they were extremely poor, while a wo man was found buried with a lace of beads that were a waist decoration indicating she wasn’t as poor as the others. In October of 1992, more than four hundred skeletons were removed. The discovery of the African Burial Ground reminds us today of enslaved relatives that were almost forgotten due to the building of our city. [398 words]

Refugee Boy Essay

Refugee Boy is a story about a 14-year-old boy named Alem Kelo born in Africa. Benjamin Zephaniah uses Alem as an example of how badly treated refugees are and how it is possible for us to treat them better if we treat them like normal people. In the beginning of the novel Alem’s father took him to London for what Alem thought would be a holiday. Leaving his mother at home, his father actually planned to leave Alem in London believing it to be safer. In the beginning of the novel Zephaniah uses two passages, one named Ethiopia and the other named Eritrea. These passages are almost exactly the same and this shows use that, because Alem’s family are a mix of both Ethiopian and Eritrean, they would be hunted wherever they go or move to. This also tells us that most refugees emigrate because of very good reasons; in this case, war. Refugees are constantly viewed and treated as outsiders instead of normal people, which they are. Zephaniah shows this very well when he describes how Alem had to go through the screening process. Alem is thoroughly humiliated throughout the screening knowing that both Pamela and Sheila were watching. Another example of how Zephaniah shows use really how bad our discrimination of refugees is and how the stereotypical views we have obtained due propaganda such as news television programmes, is when Alem’s father goes to the Home Office to make his asylum application but is arrested and taken to Campsfield detention centre. Just because he is a ‘foreigner’ police automatically thought to arrest him. The children’s’ home that Alem stays in, is portrayed as a sort of dumping ground for mis-fit refugees. It is basically a place where isolated lonely boys go to when they have nowhere else to go. The whole place is filled with young boys and teenagers with cluttered up emotions. Sweeny is a good example of a young man in the home who has a lot of excess emotion and obviously feels abandoned because he feels the need to take it out on the other people there. People like Sweeny make the boys at the home want to loose they’re cultural identity in order to fit in and not be a victim Zephaniah portrays Alem as an innocent, stoical character so that we understand that our stereotypical image on refugees is wrong and not all refugees are bad people or terrorists. Zephaniah uses Alem’s background to show that refugees often don’t have a choice in emigrating and that refugees don’t always immigrate to other countries steal their Jobs and take benefits. They go to escape war or political injustice and for many other reasons. Ruth is an important character in the story because she seems like a typical teenage girl with an attitude, but when Alem finds out his mother had me brutally murdered in Africa, Ruth shows incredible solace and our views on her suddenly change, as for the first we see a gentle compassionate Ruth who has an emotional background and problems of her own. She reminds us that everyone deserves compassion and consideration not just refugees this is why she is originally distant to Alem. After her and Alem have an emotional talk we discover that she reaches out for Alem and gives him the love and compassion that her parents should have shown her when fostering children in the past. Alem feels isolated throughout the novel and whenever he gains hope he is often brought back down with bad news making him feel isolated. Like when he was just fitting in well in England and having a great time, his father wrote to him informing Alem on what had happened to his mother bringing Alem and his happiness down into a pool of isolation again. Or like when he manages to get himself back on top again when his father comes to stay in England then they’re asylum application gets turned down. One of the most isolated times for Alem, is when he is in the children’s home. He doesn’t know anyone. And he is constantly taunted and made to feel small and intimidated by Sweeny and his gang pretty much as soon as he arrives, ‘†Get the biscuits, it’s the easy way out,† on of them said as he looked Alem up and down. You’ll get me some biscuits or I’ll bust you up,† said the first kid loudly’. He’d not been in the ‘home’ very long and already he’s been threatened. It shows how bad the environment he’s got no choice to live in is and how alone he must feel during these times. ‘Mariam took Alem to the local social services where he asked the big question†¦ â€Å"What choice do I have? †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Alem feels that he has to accept the Fitzgeralds as his foster family if he is to get out of the home. He askes asks himself and other many questions about himself showing that he isn’t very confident or aware of what his future holds and therefore relies on other to make decisions for him, like when he says, ‘’How long will I be staying here? †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Alem realises that he can’t even decide to stay with the Fitzgeralds or the home. Without his parents there to decide for him Alem feels lost. ‘†Will I still be here when I’m sixteen? † â€Å"That is a good question. †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Alem feels like he has no control or influence on his life, so he constantly asks questions about his future. Chapters 24-27 are in a different style to the rest of the novel. This different style is very powerful in getting it’s message across because it makes you feel like you’re reading a real report in a real newspaper which makes you feel even more for Alem because the strong effect Zephaniah uses, makes you really believe in what he’s saying and makes you believe that the novel has really happened. It is very clever how he managed to create realism and in your mind you feel throughout the novel that you’ve been with him all the way and now you have seen him to the end. Zephaniah makes us feel that all refugees have a story and he’s made you want to find out about them and their story and want to know what they’ve been through. Reading the book he’s defiantly given me a more positive attitude and view on refugees. Zephaniah structures the story so it feels like you are right by Alem on the whole of his journey so you feel like what’s happening to him is affecting you as the reader. Zephaniah is very successful in getting his message across and now I think people who read this book will have a wider opinion on refugees and the will feel much more strongly on bad they get treated.

4 Freshman Writing Mistakes and How to Avoid Them - by Lauren Gartner

4 Freshman Writing Mistakes and How to Avoid Them 4 Freshman Writing Mistakes and How to Avoid Them The freshman year of college can be challenging in many ways. There are new experiences to navigate, adult decisions to make, and classes that are often much more challenging than they were in high school. Many freshmen struggle with writing classes especially. The expectations in these classes are higher, and students are often asked to write about subject matter that is significantly more complex. Because of this, many freshman find themselves making some very   common writing mistakes. We are going to review these mistakes, and then discuss ways to prevent them through some easy to remember essay writing tips. Following 'Rules' About Where to do Your Best Essay Writing â€Å"Always do your writing at a desk in a quiet room that is free from distractions. Never turn on the television or radio, because the noise will distract you. Make sure you have good lighting† You've probably heard this advice since you were in elementary school. Unfortunately, with the exception of the part about good lighting, most of this advice is wrong. The best place to study is anywhere you are comfortable and productive. That might be on a couch in front of the television set, or in the school library. Your best, and most error free writing will be the result of working hard and editing and proofreading. Relying too Much on Spell Check One of the best pieces of advice for college freshmen is to avoid using spell checker to do their editing. The tool might point out gross spelling errors, but it does not do a very good job of detecting misuse of words. In addition to this, spell check dictionaries aren't usually up to date, and they don't always contain technical jargon or other terms that may relate specifically to   your classes. Spell check also encourages a bit of academic laziness. Take the time to review your writing, and you will find more mistakes than spell check ever did. Not Pursuing Outside Help There are so many avenues that students who need help with writing can pursue. There are tutors, instructors who are willing to help during their office hours, and student learning centers. Students who need papers written quickly and professionally can use an essay writing service. Unfortunately, many students put off asking for help until it is too late. Writing to Impress Rather than Convey Information Successful college essay writing is all about your ability to get your point across in a clear and concise manner. Unfortunately, college freshmen often believe that they can impress instructors and earn grade points by using essays to demonstrate their large vocabularies, and their ability to write in minute detail. This does not usually have the effect that they want. College professors are not impressed by these things. What they appreciate is brevity, reasoned logic, and good research. These are the four common writing errors that we believe most impact college freshmen. What do you think?

Conditions of the working class in Industrial Revolution essays

Conditions of the working class in Industrial Revolution essays In the history of the world, Industrial Revolution was first started in England in the 18th century. Beginning of the machine age, small firms produced most of their needs by hand and by hand made tools. During the second half of the 18th century, changes took place, which gave a new turn to the techniques of production, with industrial based economic- system being the result of industrial revolution. The agrarian revolution provided sufficient number of laborers required for the working in the factories. The stable Government and the control of the Government in hands of the capitalist class thus resulted in the growth of the industry in England. During the period of infancy of the Industrial Revolution, England was considered to be a place where whatever statistics available showed that the production of all commodities increased tenfold. The volume and amount of sales increased considerably and the profits to the owners were enormous. But this was not the rosy picture of the large section of the working population who were toiling throughout the day, and dwelling in unhealthy conditions. Even though a division of the rich and the poor were not new, but with the introduction of the machinery and factory system, the division became even more strong-with the rich becoming richer and the poor even more poor. The machinery, which was supposed to lighten labor, created increased sufferings for the working masses. This was because they created longer working hours, since the owners wanted to optimize the utilization of the machines-which represented greater investment of capital, and so must not be left idle, and which was thought that with the new inventions occurring the machines might even become obsolete. Along with the longer working hours, the workers were always under strict supervision with...

Nursing research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 28

Nursing research - Essay Example In this case, an organization’s leadership acted as a barrier to successful implementation by failing to provide support to the implementation process (Bostrom et al.). An organization setting may fail to provide essential collaborative efforts between the staff, physicians, and colleagues in a hospital setting, which acts as a barrier to successful implementation of a proposal (Bostrom et al.). In effect, stakeholders working to implement the proposal will have varying objectives and goals that do not contribute to successful implementation. On the other hand, an organization may fail to have expertise that is necessary to implement the research utilization proposal (Bostrom et al.). In addition, the organization may fail to train their staff on the importance of the proposal and the approaches to implement the proposal in order to ensure provision of quality care. In this case, the lack of expertise and the failure to train staff members act as barriers to successful implementation. Finally, an organization may fail to allocate enough resources to the implementation of the research utilization proposal, which will act as a barrier to successful i mplementation. utilization and research use among registered nurses working in the care of older people: Does the BARRIERS Scale discriminate between research users and non-research users on perceptions of barriers? Implement Science 3.24(2008). Web. 7 January 2013.

Analisis Of The Article Is Facebook Making Us Lonely Essay

Analisis Of The Article Is Facebook Making Us Lonely - Essay Example He takes the time to reflect back to the 1950s and traces the changes that have happened in human interaction. Through the integration of various sources from divergent authors, including Moira Burke, John Cacioppo, and Robert Putnam; people with different ideas and perceptions, the author presents both sides in an enthralling manner and imperiously attests his supposition. The facts presented are expressed in an appealing language that undoubtedly sinks into the audience’s intellect. Marche industriously presents an outstanding fact that remains profound throughout the article; â€Å"The idea that a Website could deliver a more friendly, interconnected world is bogus† (Marche 1). The depth of an individual's interaction within Facebook is fully determined by their social network outside of Facebook. However, in various instances, Marche presents arguments and statements but lacks statistical evidence or experimental results that validate it. â€Å"Facebook †¦ puts the pursuit of happiness front and center in our digital life. Its capacity to redefine our very concepts of identity and personal fulfillment is much more worrisome than the data-mining and privacy practices that have aroused anxieties.† (Marche 1). Apparently, the article lacks substantial data or information to endorse the presented assertions, a factor that makes its arguments relatively fragile. It is specified that among 18-34 years old, nearly 50% update their Facebook status immediately after getting out of bed while 28% do so while still on the bed.